| Hourani, Albert, A History of the Arab Peoples P23, Faber and Faber, 1991 | |
|---|---|
| The Cambridge History of Islam, ed | Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge 1970• 2, The Netherlands: Brill, ISSN 1573-3912, Page 844-850• " Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden, Vol |
Ahmed, Nazeer 2001 , Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War, American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, p.
.