| El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p | Moreover, many of them provide evidence of embellishment and invention that were introduced to serve the purposes of political or religious apologetic |
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| 137 Netanel's work was virtually unknown beyond his native Yemen until modern times, so had little influence on later Jewish thought• Lapidus 2002 , pp 0 | Karen Armstrong narrates the beginnings of Islam a word which means submission and peace , and of the theological and political disputes that soon affected the lives of families living in the Mecca or Medina |
These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions.
| Muhammad is described as a complex and passionate man, politically wise and true to what he understood to be a personal and transcendental mission |
however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632.