| " Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden, Vol | 2, The Netherlands: Brill, ISSN 1573-3912, Page 844-850• Hourani, Albert, A History of the Arab Peoples P23, Faber and Faber, 1991 |
|---|---|
| Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, Cambridge 1970• Ahmed, Nazeer 2001 , Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War, American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, p |
.