These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions | |
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5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account | "Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007 |
gov, Retrieved March 20, 2021 | Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G |
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org, Retrieved March 19, 2021 | Lapidus 2002 , pp 0 |
however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632.
26See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p | com, Retrieved March 20, 2021 |
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Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence | com, Retrieved March 19, 2021 |
sources are not contemporaneous with the events they purport to relate and sometimes were written many centuries later.