| : When the Republic of Turkey was founded in 1923, the capital was moved to Ankara, and Constantinople was officially renamed Istanbul in 1930 | Freely, John — Inside the Seraglio, published 1999, Chapter 15: On the Shores of the Bosphorus• Boundaries and Belonging: States and Societies in the Struggle to Shape Identities and Local Practices |
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| Chicago, IL: Encyclopedia Britannica Inc | 7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, 1911 , 3; Constantinople, the capital of the Turkish Empire• |
Roy, Gilles; Abdul-Hamid, le sultan rouge; 1936• The Origins of the War of 1914, Volume I.
25.