| Afghani and 'Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam, London: Frank Cass | The Modern Middle East 2nd ed |
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| His father was perhaps of distant Turkish origin, his mother of an Arab family claiming descent from one of the early heroes of Islam | Islam and modernism in Egypt |
| His father was Turkish while his mother was Arab | Great Britain: Oxford University Press |
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| Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798—1939 | 18, , True, his father 'Abduh ibn Hasan Khair Allah, came from a family of Turkish origin that had settled in the village of Mahallat Nasr in the Buhairah Province at some remote time in the past |